The final week of October brought another escalation in the legal fight over Colorado River cuts, while Tribal leaders continued pushing for a major Arizona water rights settlement and new research showed that groundwater reserves across the Basin are also declining.

The Central Arizona Project moved to join Nevada’s lawsuit challenging the federal government’s new Colorado River operating plan.

KJZZ reported that CAP filed to join the lawsuit after the Arizona Department of Water Resources made a similar move earlier in October. The lawsuit argues that the federal plan places too much of the burden on Arizona, California, and Nevada while requiring no comparable mandatory reductions from Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.

CAP operates the 336-mile canal that delivers Colorado River water to central and southern Arizona. Under the federal framework, CAP could face some of the deepest reductions because of its junior priority within Arizona’s Colorado River allocation.

CAP General Manager Brenda Burman said the agency had spent years trying to avoid litigation but ultimately decided it needed to defend its water rights and its interpretation of the laws governing the river.

The lawsuit also raises questions about the 1922 Colorado River Compact. CAP and other Lower Basin interests argue that the Upper Basin has obligations to deliver sufficient water downstream and that the new federal plan does not adequately enforce those requirements.

Interior Secretary Doug Burgum pushed back on Arizona’s legal challenge during a visit to the state.

ABC15 reported that Burgum warned that taking the issue before a judge could create additional risk for Arizona because of the state’s relatively junior priority compared with other Colorado River users. He said the federal government developed the operating plan after the seven Basin states failed to reach their own agreement.

Despite the legal disagreement, both federal and Arizona officials acknowledged that the central problem remains the same: the Colorado River is producing less water, and the Basin still needs a longer-term solution.

While those legal questions continue, Tribal leaders in northeastern Arizona are asking Congress to finalize one of the largest Tribal water settlements in the state.

The Arizona Capitol Times reported that leaders from the Navajo Nation, Hopi Tribe, and San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe urged Congress to approve the Northeastern Arizona Indian Water Rights Settlement Act.

The legislation would resolve outstanding water claims for the three Tribes, fund a pipeline from Lake Powell, and establish trust funds to help build water infrastructure.

For the San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe, the legislation would also establish a reservation the Tribe has sought for decades.

The settlement would allow the Navajo Nation and Hopi Tribe to lease portions of their Upper Basin Colorado River water to other Arizona users. Tribal and water leaders said the agreement could provide greater certainty for both Tribal communities and other Colorado River users.

The discussion again highlighted a recurring issue with Tribal water rights: having a legal right to water does not necessarily mean a community has the infrastructure needed to use it.

Groundwater is facing its own challenges.

The University of Arizona Water Resources Research Center highlighted a new study documenting sustained groundwater losses throughout the Colorado River Basin over the past two decades.

Researchers found that groundwater depletion accelerated after 2019, particularly during the 2020–2022 drought. Higher temperatures, reduced precipitation, and increased water consumption all contributed to the losses.

The study found that groundwater storage in the Lower Basin is especially vulnerable because natural recharge is limited. Researchers examining Arizona’s Active Management Areas found that groundwater declines were linked largely to increased pumping during drought and reductions in Colorado River supplies.

The study also concluded that groundwater losses across the Colorado River Basin have exceeded losses from the system’s major surface reservoirs.

That finding is significant because groundwater is often treated as a backup when surface water supplies decline. If both systems are losing water at the same time, communities have fewer options during extended drought.

October storms did provide some short-term relief.

Arizona’s Family reported that Lake Powell gained about 12 feet in two weeks following recent storms. Despite the increase, the reservoir remained at approximately 25% capacity. Lake Mead remained even lower, at about 23% capacity. (more…)

As Arizona prepares for reduced Colorado River deliveries, the state is beginning to shift from years of saving water for future shortages to actually using some of those reserves.

KJZZ reported that the Arizona Water Banking Authority will use a one-year policy to fully “firm” water supplies lost by participating cities and utilities because of Colorado River shortages. Firming provides backup water to eligible users when their normal Central Arizona Project supplies are reduced.

The strategy could conserve up to 56,179 acre-feet in 2027 as cities and utilities rely on previously stored water rather than additional Colorado River deliveries.

The Water Banking Authority was created to store unused Colorado River water underground for future shortages. Arizona Water News reported that the agency is now entering a different phase. With less excess CAP water available for storage and shortages becoming more likely, the focus is shifting toward recovering and distributing the long-term storage credits accumulated over previous decades.

The Water Bank also has responsibilities for Tribal firming under the Arizona Water Settlements Act, along with providing backup supplies for certain municipal and industrial CAP users.

Stored water can help Arizona manage near-term shortages, but state officials are also considering how to bring entirely new supplies into Arizona over the longer term.

The Arizona Capitol Times reported that the Water Infrastructure Finance Authority of Arizona is studying five potential water importation projects. Together, the projects could eventually produce hundreds of thousands of acre-feet annually, although none have entered construction.

Among the projects being studied are desalination plants in Mexico and California, reclaimed-water projects involving Mexico, and proposals that could exchange new water supplies for portions of Colorado River allocations.

Two projects approved for further study in early October involve a proposed desalination plant near Mexico’s Gulf of California and a project that would recover and treat reclaimed water in Mexico for use as part of Arizona’s future supply.

Early estimates vary widely. The five projects could potentially produce nearly 1 million acre-feet annually under the highest estimates, while more conservative projections place the combined amount closer to 361,000 acre-feet.

Arizona’s expected Colorado River reduction is about 760,000 acre-feet per year, showing why state officials are considering several different options rather than relying on one project.

Cost remains one of the largest obstacles. Arizona lawmakers have provided WIFA about $386 million for long-term augmentation work, but individual desalination projects could cost billions of dollars.

While the state studies new supplies, some cities are also looking more closely at how much water new developments use.

KTAR reported that Scottsdale is considering a large-water-user ordinance in response to Colorado River reductions. City staff recommended requiring new large users to submit conservation plans, while council members also discussed additional review for projects expected to use more than 500,000 gallons of water per day.

The discussion reflects a broader question facing Arizona: how much water can be saved through conservation compared with how much new water needs to be developed.

ABC15 reported that agriculture accounts for nearly three-quarters of Arizona’s overall water use, significantly more than sectors such as golf courses or data centers. That makes agriculture an important part of statewide water discussions, particularly as officials look for ways to reduce demand while protecting Arizona’s economy and food production.

Conditions upstream show why those conversations continue.

KUNC reported that Blue Mesa Reservoir, historically Colorado’s largest body of water, fell below 20% full this year after a poor snowpack and prolonged drought.

Low water forced the Elk Creek Marina to close in early July, months earlier than usual, and affected recreation, fisheries, and agriculture. Farmers receiving water from the Gunnison River system also had to leave some fields dry or reduce production. (more…)

The new Colorado River water year began Oct. 1 under a different operating framework, but Arizona’s biggest reductions will not take effect until the start of 2027.

KJZZ reported that the new federal rules begin changing how much water is released from Lake Powell to Lake Mead as the 2027 water year gets underway. Arizona’s own reductions, however, are tied to the calendar year and are expected to begin Jan. 1.

Arizona, California, and Nevada are still working to finalize a Lower Basin agreement that would determine how the reductions are divided among water users. KJZZ reported that Arizona’s top water negotiator, Tom Buschatzke, remains optimistic that the three states can complete the agreement before the end of the year.

Under the current framework, Arizona is expected to reduce its Colorado River use by 760,000 acre-feet in 2027, assuming the Lower Basin states finalize their proposed sharing agreement. ABC15 reported that the reduction would equal about 27% of Arizona’s normal Colorado River allocation.

The exact impact on individual cities and water providers is still being worked out. Phoenix officials told ABC15 that the city does not yet have a final number for how much of the statewide reduction will be reflected in its Central Arizona Project supply.

Arizona Water News reported that the Arizona Water Banking Authority is entering a new phase. Created in 1996, the Water Bank stored unused portions of Arizona’s Colorado River entitlement underground and accumulated long-term storage credits that can be recovered during shortages.

Through 2024, the Water Bank had accumulated more than 4.4 million acre-feet of long-term storage credits, including approximately 3.8 million acre-feet for Arizona uses and more than 600,000 acre-feet on behalf of Nevada.

The Water Bank also has responsibilities for firming certain Central Arizona Project municipal and industrial supplies and for helping meet Arizona’s Tribal firming obligations under the Arizona Water Settlements Act.

As Colorado River shortages deepen, those stored supplies are becoming more important. Instead of focusing primarily on putting additional water underground, the Water Bank is increasingly preparing for the recovery and use of water that has already been stored.

Cronkite News reported that some rural residents around Chino Valley are already dealing with wells that have gone dry, forcing them to rely on water-hauling businesses and private storage tanks.

The Prescott Active Management Area has been considered outside of safe yield for more than two decades, meaning groundwater is being removed faster than it is being replaced. Local officials told Cronkite News that continued growth and groundwater pumping have contributed to declining water levels.

The situation is separate from the Colorado River shortage, but the two issues are connected through Arizona’s broader water supply. As Colorado River deliveries decline, groundwater and stored underground supplies are expected to play a larger role for some communities.

KUNR reported on new research showing that wildfire is burning more land in watersheds that provide water to communities across the West. Researchers analyzed more than 17,000 watersheds and found that the average amount of land burned annually nearly doubled in watersheds serving more than 100,000 people.

Wildfire can temporarily increase runoff, but it can also worsen water quality by sending sediment, nutrients, and debris into rivers, reservoirs, and water treatment systems. Those effects can continue for years after a fire. (more…)

As September came to a close, Colorado River discussions shifted from announcing future cuts to a more difficult question: how will communities protect their water supplies as those reductions move closer.

In southwestern Arizona, Yuma officials are preparing for possible legal action on two separate water issues.

Arizona’s Family reported that the Yuma City Council unanimously authorized the city to prepare for legal action involving both Colorado River operating rules and a proposed transfer of Colorado River water from agricultural land in La Paz County to Queen Creek.

The proposed transfer involves water associated with GSC Farm. Yuma is joining Mohave and La Paz counties in challenging the transfer because local leaders are concerned about the precedent of moving water away from rural agricultural communities and toward growing metropolitan areas.

Yuma officials are also considering possible legal action involving the federal government’s new Colorado River operating guidelines. Mayor Doug Nicholls said Yuma wants to participate in addressing the river’s shortage but does not want agriculture to carry the entire burden. Yuma-area farms are an important source of winter produce for the United States.

At the same time, Arizona lawmakers are looking at another way to stretch the Colorado River supply.

KAWC reported on proposed federal legislation that would authorize restoration of the Yuma Desalting Plant, which was originally constructed to treat salty agricultural drainage water from the Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation and Drainage District.

The proposed Colorado River Basin Water Security and Infrastructure Act would authorize $19 billion for water projects throughout the Basin, including $1 billion to restore the Yuma plant. Supporters say treating agricultural drainage water could reduce the amount of Colorado River water needed to meet downstream delivery requirements.

Arizona cities are also investing in their own water systems.

ABC15 reported that Phoenix is constructing a new 20-million-gallon reservoir at the Union Hills Water Treatment Plant. Historically, about 40% of Phoenix’s delivered water has come from the Colorado River, and city officials said the additional storage will give the system more flexibility as supplies become less certain.

Scottsdale, meanwhile, is considering additional review for new developments expected to use large quantities of water. Under the proposal, developments projected to use more than 100,000 gallons per day could face additional city approval requirements. The proposal had not yet been adopted when the story was published.

Private companies are also becoming more involved in Colorado River conservation.

KJZZ reported that Amazon pledged $20 million toward water-saving projects in Arizona and California. One proposed project would improve irrigation efficiency with an unnamed Tribal Nation in northern Arizona.

The investment is part of a larger effort to bring private funding into Colorado River conservation. KJZZ noted, however, that the scale of the river’s shortage is much larger than any single corporate investment. Major conservation programs involving farms, cities and infrastructure can require billions of dollars.

While states, cities and private companies look for ways to conserve or develop additional supplies, Lake Powell continues to show why those efforts are becoming urgent.

A Sept. 29 report said Lake Powell stood at about 3,518 feet in elevation, roughly 28 feet above minimum power pool, the level where Glen Canyon Dam can no longer effectively generate hydropower.

The reservoir had already reached a modern record low earlier in September. If Lake Powell falls below minimum power pool, water could still move through Glen Canyon Dam, but hydropower production would stop and dam operations would become more difficult.

The report also noted that federal efforts to protect Lake Powell can create consequences downstream. Reducing releases from Powell helps preserve its elevation but sends less water toward Lake Mead, demonstrating the difficult tradeoffs involved in managing the two reservoirs together.

Late September also marked the end of an era in Colorado River management. KGNU reported that the 2007 Interim Guidelines, which have governed operations during much of the river’s prolonged drought, were scheduled to expire Oct. 1. Years of negotiations among the seven Basin states had failed to produce a replacement agreement, leaving the federal government’s new management framework to guide the next phase of river operations. (more…)

Colorado is moving forward with a new voluntary conservation program as pressure grows for both the Upper and Lower basins to reduce demands on the Colorado River.

Colorado Newsline reported that the Colorado Water Conservation Board conditionally approved a “near-term contribution program” aimed at conserving 50,000 acre-feet of water during the 2027 water year. The program would use federal funding to compensate participants for conservation measures including temporary fallowing, deficit irrigation, and switching crops.

The program is voluntary and temporary, but farmers and Western Slope water managers have raised concerns about how it could affect agricultural communities. Some questioned whether conserved water can be tracked all the way downstream to Lake Powell and whether Colorado will receive credit for those reductions.

Colorado officials said they want participation from several water-use sectors rather than placing the responsibility primarily on agriculture. Water managers also emphasized that large-scale fallowing is not the only conservation option being considered.

The size of Colorado’s proposed conservation is relatively small compared with reductions facing the Lower Basin. Colorado Newsline reported that the program targets 50,000 acre-feet, while Arizona, California, and Nevada are expected to reduce their combined use by 1.25 million acre-feet in 2027.

At the same time, business groups from across all seven Colorado River Basin states are asking Congress for at least $2 billion in new federal funding for water projects.

KUNC reported that chambers of commerce and other business groups sent a letter to Congress seeking money for projects that could include repairing leaking municipal pipes, protecting watersheds from wildfire, and supporting programs that leave water in major reservoirs. (more…)

As Colorado River supplies remain under pressure, water agencies are investing in infrastructure to secure future deliveries while federal officials consider how declining reservoir levels affect hydropower and the river’s ecosystem.

One of the latest developments involves the Navajo Nation. Smart Water Magazine reported that the Bureau of Reclamation awarded an $81 million contract to Carstensen Contracting for construction of the final major segment of the Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project in New Mexico.

The project is intended to bring reliable drinking water to nearly 250,000 people on the Navajo Nation and surrounding communities, fulfilling a longstanding water rights settlement. The newly awarded contract covers a pipeline connecting the Frank Chee Willetto Reservoir, east of Shiprock, to the San Juan Lateral Water Treatment Plant.

The San Juan Lateral is now more than 75% complete, with initial deliveries targeted for late 2028 and full completion expected by the end of 2029. Once finished, the broader Navajo-Gallup project will include approximately 300 miles of pipeline, two water treatment plants, and 19 pumping plants, addressing a longstanding infrastructure challenge in communities where many households still rely on hauling water.

In Arizona, cities are also developing additional water supplies ahead of federal Colorado River reductions.

12News reported that Peoria is spending $104 million on a water farm west of Tonopah to strengthen its long-term water supply. The investment is part of the city’s preparation for reduced Colorado River deliveries and reflects how communities are looking beyond their existing allocations to secure water for future needs.

Meanwhile, conditions at the Basin’s two largest reservoirs continue to influence federal water management decisions.

KLAS reported that two-year projections show Lake Mead potentially declining by approximately 40 feet while Lake Powell rises by a similar amount. The projected changes highlight how operations at one reservoir are connected to conditions throughout the Colorado River system.

Circle of Blue also examined how low water levels at Lake Powell are affecting decisions at Glen Canyon Dam. According to the report, the Bureau of Reclamation decided against certain environmental water releases this year because of concerns about hydropower generation.

Those releases would have helped rebuild eroded sandbars in the Grand Canyon and provided colder water to limit the reproduction of invasive smallmouth bass, which threaten native fish such as the humpback chub.

The proposed environmental releases would change the timing or temperature of water passing through Glen Canyon Dam rather than the total amount released over the year. However, using the dam’s bypass tubes would reduce electricity generation.

Reclamation said it is considering other measures to protect native fish, including removing invasive species and studying infrastructure that could regulate downstream water temperatures.

Water quality is also receiving attention elsewhere in Arizona.

KTAR reported that the Upper Verde River is nearing designation as an Outstanding Arizona Water, the state’s highest level of surface water quality protection. The designation would help protect the river from new discharges that permanently degrade its water quality.

The Upper Verde supports drinking water supplies, recreation, and habitat for several threatened and endangered species.

Together, these developments show how water management across the Basin involves more than dividing available supplies. Tribal communities are working toward reliable water deliveries, Arizona cities are developing additional resources, federal officials are balancing hydropower and ecosystem needs, and state agencies are considering stronger protections for rivers.

What does this mean for CRIT?

The Navajo-Gallup pipeline development is especially relevant because it illustrates the difference between holding water rights and having the infrastructure necessary to use them.

The project is fulfilling a longstanding Tribal water rights settlement by creating the physical system needed to deliver water to Navajo communities. It provides another example of how Tribal water management involves legal rights, infrastructure, federal commitments, and long-term planning. (more…)