The Colorado River Basin is entering another critical stretch as scientists, cities, water managers, and federal agencies warn that the system is still under serious pressure. Recent reports show that the crisis is not only about how much water is left in Lake Mead and Lake Powell, but also how accurately the river can be forecast, how fast states can reduce use, how hydropower will be affected, and how cities and industries continue to plan for growth in a shrinking water future.

A new Arizona State University study is looking to improve how water managers forecast Colorado River supplies. KJZZ reported that ASU researchers are using satellite data to build more accurate models of the river by tracking not only river flows, but also the water held in snow and soil across the Basin. The research is being developed with the Central Arizona Project, which delivers Colorado River water to the Phoenix and Tucson areas.

The new satellite work shows how water planning is becoming more technical as the river becomes less predictable. In the past, snowpack and streamflow measurements helped water managers estimate what the year might look like. But drought, hotter temperatures, and changing runoff patterns have made those forecasts harder. If agencies can better understand how much water is held in snow, soil, and river systems, they may be able to make better decisions before conditions become more severe.

The need for better planning is urgent because water storage across the Basin continues to decline. The University of Colorado Boulder’s Getches-Wilkinson Center reported that stored water reserves in the Colorado River system are still falling because overall water use remains out of balance with the river’s natural supply. The report warned that another dry year could bring the system dangerously close to a “crash,” meaning reservoirs could lose much of their ability to provide the reliable water supply they were built to support. Even a wet year, according to the report, would only provide temporary relief without major reductions in water use across the Basin.

This warning is important because Lake Mead and Lake Powell are more than storage reservoirs. They are the backbone of the Colorado River system. They help deliver water, generate hydropower, protect against dry years, and support cities, tribes, agriculture, and ecosystems across the West. When storage falls too low, the entire system becomes harder to manage, and emergency actions in one part of the Basin can create new problems in another.

The Upper Basin is also feeling the effects of a difficult water year. Denver7 reported that Colorado’s drought is not over despite recent rainfall. Colorado State Climatologist Russ Schumacher said the state’s mountain snowpack was the worst recorded since snowpack measurements began, and that poor snowpack and early melting will likely keep river flows low through the summer. The report noted that agriculture, recreation, wildfire risk, and municipal water supplies could all feel the effects, especially in July and August when irrigation demand is high.

This matters for the entire Colorado River system because much of the river begins as snow in the Rocky Mountains. Summer storms may help in some areas, but they cannot fully replace a weak winter snowpack. When less snow reaches the river, less water moves downstream into reservoirs, farms, cities, and tribal communities. That is why drought in Colorado is not just an Upper Basin concern. It is a Basin-wide issue.

Colorado is also trying to reduce water use, but progress has been slow. Water Education Colorado reported that the state’s efforts to cut water use are off to a slow start, even as Colorado River conditions worsen. The challenge shows how difficult conservation can be, especially when water rights, local economies, agriculture, and state responsibilities all come into play. Reducing water use is widely discussed as necessary, but carrying it out in a fair and effective way remains complicated.

At the same time, the river’s low reservoirs are creating new problems for hydropower and ecosystems. The Associated Press reported that federal officials are considering cool water releases from Glen Canyon Dam to protect the humpback chub, a threatened native fish in the Grand Canyon. The releases would send colder water downstream to help prevent non-native smallmouth bass from spawning in warmer waters below the dam. However, the cold water would bypass hydropower turbines, reducing power generation and creating additional costs for utilities that rely on federal hydropower.

The issue shows how low reservoir levels are changing the way dams operate. Glen Canyon Dam was built to store and release water while also producing electricity, but declining levels in Lake Powell are forcing managers to balance competing needs. Protecting native fish may require sacrificing hydropower. Protecting hydropower may increase risks to river ecosystems. As the system continues to shrink, those tradeoffs will become more common.

Similar concerns are growing at Hoover Dam. Circle of Blue reported that Lake Mead is approaching a critical elevation where Hoover Dam’s hydropower generating capacity could be cut by 70%. The report said Lake Mead is nearing the 1,035-foot elevation threshold, where many of Hoover Dam’s turbines are not designed to operate under low-water conditions. Reduced hydropower could increase costs for power customers and create broader challenges for the electric grid.

Growth and development are also becoming part of the water conversation. 12News reported that a large data center project in Arizona will scale down after public backlash. Data centers have become a growing concern in the West because they can require large amounts of water and electricity, depending on how they are cooled and operated. As more companies look to build in Arizona and Nevada, communities are asking whether new development can be supported without putting more pressure on already stressed water supplies.

That concern connects to a broader trend across the Southwest. Cities and industries are still planning for growth while the Colorado River system is producing less water than it once did. Water managers are now being asked to support housing, business development, technology projects, agriculture, and conservation at the same time. The challenge is not only finding new supplies, but deciding what kind of growth is realistic in a hotter and drier future.

These reports show that the Colorado River Basin is facing pressure from several directions at once. Scientists are working to improve forecasts because the river has become harder to predict. Colorado is dealing with weak snowpack and low flows. Basin-wide storage is still falling. Glen Canyon Dam and Hoover Dam are facing hydropower and ecosystem challenges. Cities and industries are being forced to rethink how growth fits into a limited water future.

The Colorado River crisis is no longer a single issue. It is a water supply issue, an energy issue, an economic issue, an environmental issue, and a community planning issue.

What does this mean for CRIT?

For the Colorado River Indian Tribes, these developments show why accurate information and long-term planning are essential. As the river becomes harder to predict, every forecast, reservoir decision, and conservation plan can influence how water is managed across the Basin.

Sources

KJZZ
https://www.kjzz.org/science/2026-06-01/new-asu-study-uses-satellites-to-make-more-accurate-colorado-river-water-forecasts

KPNX NBC 12News Phoenix
https://www.12news.com/article/news/local/arizona/large-data-center-project-arizona-will-scale-down-after-backlash/75-717b0b73-1dff-4be6-a5c2-bb77bb9ba4ee

Water Education Colorado
https://watereducationcolorado.org/fresh-water-news/colorados-race-to-cut-water-use-off-to-a-slow-start

University of Colorado Boulder
https://www.colorado.edu/center/gwc/2026/06/01/update-colorado-river-basin-storage-continues-slide-toward-system-crash

ABC 7 Denver
https://www.denver7.com/news/drought/colorados-drought-isnt-over-what-a-record-bad-winter-means-for-rivers-agriculture-and-wildfire-risk

AP News
https://apnews.com/article/colorado-river-humpback-chub-hydropower-cool-water-66136db825e948f1765f544272a1de6a

Inkstain
https://www.inkstain.net/2026/06/colorado-river-basin-new-report-from-my-colleagues-on-the-implications-of-running-on-empty/

Circle of Blue
https://www.circleofblue.org/2026/water-energy/hoover-dam-approaches-a-hydropower-cliff/

As the Colorado River talks keep going, it’s clear that the water situation is getting more serious than just state and federal meetings. Cities are getting ready for less water, local governments are tightening up on who can use the water, and there are more disagreements about groundwater. Plus, businesses are starting to see the financial impact of a river that’s being used too much and is under a lot of stress.

The Lower Basin states of Arizona, California, and Nevada are still pushing for a quick fix to help the Colorado River stay stable until 2028. The Calexico Chronicle reports that this plan would give the system over 3.2 million acre-feet of water each year until 2028. This is a response to the fact that the reservoirs are getting lower, Lake Powell is getting less water than usual, and there’s a growing chance that Lake Powell and Lake Mead will reach dangerous levels.

This plan is based on what the Lower Basin has already done, like agreeing to cut back on water each year and do more conservation. The new plan includes cuts from the Lower Basin, more conservation for the whole system, maybe some improvements to the infrastructure, and working together to manage the reservoirs. The leaders of the Lower Basin say this plan is a way to turn ideas into action and give the seven Basin states more time to figure out how to run the river in the long run after the current rules end.

Even though this plan might give us some breathing room, it doesn’t solve the bigger problem. The river is still giving us less water than we need, and now cities, rural areas, developers, businesses, farmers, and tribal groups are feeling the pressure. This is happening all over Arizona and in the Basin.

In Phoenix, city leaders are getting ready for the possibility of Colorado River cuts by checking out alternative water sources and long-term reserves. Phoenix relies on several water sources, including the Colorado River through the Central Arizona Project. As future reductions become more likely, the city’s planning mirrors a broader trend across the Southwest: big cities are no longer seeing Colorado River shortages as just a distant threat. They’re preparing for a future where less river water might be available, and backup supplies might be needed to keep up with demand.

In Tucson, water worries are already shaping development choices. KGUN 9 reported that the City of Tucson asked developers connected to Project Blue to stop using Tucson’s water supply after finding out water had been moved from the city’s system to the proposed data center site for dust control. Tucson Water took back a construction water meter linked to the project, and city officials mentioned that using Tucson water didn’t align with the mayor and council’s decision to turn down city involvement or support for the proposed development.

The city is also looking for compensation, asking the developers to pass 2 acre-feet of water credits to Tucson Water to replace the amount they used. This situation highlights how closely water use is being monitored as new developments, especially those that use a lot of water, move forward in a drought-affected area. It also brings up a growing question for Arizona communities: when water supplies are uncertain, who gets access, under what conditions, and who is responsible when water is used without public support?

Groundwater is becoming a more important topic. In western Arizona, Mohave County is still working to get more control over groundwater in the Hualapai Basin case. This disagreement is part of a bigger problem across Arizona, where groundwater is often seen as a backup when surface water supplies aren’t as reliable. But groundwater isn’t endless, and rural areas are now asking for stronger tools to manage pumping before shortages get worse.

These local groundwater battles are connected to the bigger Colorado River crisis. As Colorado River deliveries become less predictable, cities and developers might rely more on groundwater. This puts extra pressure on rural basins, local governments, and communities that depend on aquifers for their long-term survival. Now, the question isn’t just about how much water we can take from the Colorado River, but how much pressure will be put on groundwater systems when river supplies run low.

The effects are also being felt upstream. Salt Lake Magazine and Utah News Dispatch reported that federal officials are planning to release up to one-third of the water in Flaming Gorge Reservoir over the next year to help support Lake Powell and keep Glen Canyon Dam generating electricity. Flaming Gorge, located on the Green River in Utah and Wyoming, has already been used in past emergency actions to support the Colorado River system.

This new release plan is causing concerns in communities that depend on Flaming Gorge for recreation, tourism, and local business. Marina operators and local officials are worried that a big drawdown could shorten the summer season, put boat ramps out of commission, and hurt small communities economically. The reservoir might have been built to help support the larger Colorado River system, but the local impacts show that emergency actions in one part of the Basin can cause problems in another.

One of the biggest challenges for Colorado River managers is figuring out how to move water to protect Lake Powell and Lake Mead. While this might help the system in the short term, it could also put more pressure on communities upstream, local businesses, and ecosystems. As the drought continues, we might see more emergency operations, and every decision will have repercussions throughout the Basin. (more…)

Arizona, California and Nevada have put forward a new short-term Colorado River proposal aimed at protecting Lake Mead and Lake Powell while the Basin states continue working toward a longer-term agreement. The proposal comes at a critical time, as the Colorado River system continues to face worsening drought, shrinking runoff and growing pressure from cities, farms and communities that depend on the river. According to KOLD 13 Tucson, the three Lower Basin states submitted a plan to reduce their use of Colorado River water by at least 3.2 million acre-feet through 2028 as the nation’s two largest reservoirs remain under serious stress.

The proposal is being described as a temporary bridge, not a permanent fix. Utah Public Radio reported that the Lower Basin states offered the plan after about two years of disagreement with the Upper Basin states over who should take cuts and how deep those reductions should be. The current Colorado River operating agreements are set to expire in October, and federal officials have warned they may step in if the Basin states do not reach a deal.

For Arizona, the proposal could make future water cuts less severe than what federal officials had previously considered. KJZZ reported that the plan would help Phoenix-area cities avoid the deepest cuts that had been proposed for the Central Arizona Project, the 336-mile canal system that carries Colorado River water to the Phoenix and Tucson areas. Although Arizona would still leave some of its water in the river, the new proposal would move the state away from what Central Arizona Project officials had described as potentially “devastating” reductions.

Arizona would still carry a major share of the reductions. KOLD reported that Arizona would pledge to conserve 760,000 acre-feet of water per year under the Lower Basin proposal. In southern Arizona, Tucson Water said its ability to order future water could be reduced by about 20%. The report also noted that Arizona’s junior water rights status made the federal government’s earlier draft proposal especially concerning for the state. Under this new proposal, water officials said the burden would be spread more broadly across Arizona, California and Nevada.

The Arizona Municipal Water Users Association said the proposal may buy time, but it does not remove the larger problem. AMWUA reported that cities and municipal water providers in Arizona would still have at least 20% less Colorado River water for the next two years. That reduction is significant, but AMWUA said it is smaller than the cuts proposed in the Bureau of Reclamation’s January draft Environmental Impact Statement. In other words, the plan may give cities more time to prepare for deeper reductions, but it does not erase the reality that less Colorado River water will be available.
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Arizona, California, and Nevada have put forward a new proposal to conserve Colorado River water through 2028, offering a short-term plan meant to stabilize Lake Mead and Lake Powell while the seven Basin states continue working toward a long-term agreement. The proposal comes after more than a year of stalled negotiations and as the river system faces worsening drought, low snowpack, and declining reservoir levels. NPR reported that the Colorado River supplies nearly 40 million people across the West, while Lake Mead and Lake Powell remain near dangerously low levels after more than two decades of megadrought.

The plan is being described as a temporary “bridge,” not a permanent solution. Under the proposal, the Lower Basin states would voluntarily reduce the amount of water they take from the river, helping protect water levels in the nation’s two largest reservoirs while negotiations continue. KNAU and KJZZ reported that Arizona, California, and Nevada would leave 700,000 to 1 million acre-feet of water in the Colorado River system, adding to earlier conservation efforts. State leaders say the total savings would add up to more than 3.2 million acre-feet of water through 2028.

For Arizona, the proposal is being viewed as both a warning and a possible lifeline. ABC15 reported that Arizona joined California and Nevada in offering deeper voluntary cuts after more than a year of stalled negotiations. Arizona’s Colorado River negotiator, Tom Buschatzke, said the proposal shows that water users across the Lower Basin are stepping forward with solutions that support the river. The plan is meant to keep water levels high enough at Lake Powell and Lake Mead to continue delivering water and power across the Southwest, but experts warned that the river’s future will still depend heavily on snowpack, precipitation, and long-term reductions in water use.

The urgency behind the proposal is tied directly to conditions at Lake Powell and throughout the Colorado River system. Smart Water Magazine reported that inflows to Lake Powell are forecast at only 29% of the historical average, while total system storage is roughly 36% of capacity. Those numbers show why negotiators are under pressure to take action now. If Lake Powell continues to fall, it could threaten hydropower production at Glen Canyon Dam and make it harder to move water downstream through the system.

The proposal also reflects the growing divide between the Lower Basin and Upper Basin states. Fox 13 Salt Lake City reported that California, Arizona, and Nevada offered the plan as a way to manage water for more than 40 million people in the West, but disagreements remain over who should take cuts and how deep those cuts should be. The Upper Basin states, which include Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico, have argued that the Lower Basin uses too much water from the reservoirs. Lower Basin leaders say they are putting forward measurable water savings and need federal leadership to help move the plan forward.

The Guardian reported that the Lower Basin proposal would save 3.2 million acre-feet of water through voluntary cutbacks through 2028, with an additional 700,000 acre-feet expected through conservation measures and infrastructure improvements. The plan also includes the creation of a conservation pool connected to federal trust obligations to tribes in Arizona. This is an important piece of the proposal because tribal water rights remain central to the future of Colorado River management. Across the Basin, many tribes hold legal rights to Colorado River water, but some of those rights remain unquantified or difficult to fully access.

At the same time, drought impacts are already being felt in tribal communities. Navajo Times reported that the Navajo Nation is being urged to pray for water as the Colorado River Basin enters another dangerous dry stretch. Federal forecasts warn that Navajo Reservoir could face shortages from November 2026 through February 2027, and Lake Powell could drop toward levels that make hydropower production more difficult. The report also noted that federal projections show weak spring runoff, with inflows into Lake Powell at about 22% of average. (more…)

Once designed to stabilize water deliveries to the Lower Basin, the Glen Canyon dam is now becoming a liability due to declining water levels caused by record breaking drought. The reservoir is less than a quarter full, and inflows are projected to be among the lowest ever recorded, driven by unusually early heat and a collapsing snowpack. The dam’s infrastructure was never designed to function at such low elevations, and as water levels drop, the systems that releases water downstream has become unreliable and even dangerous to operate.

This vulnerability could disrupt legally required flows under the 1922 Colorado River Compact, which is an agreement that divides the river’s water between the Upper and Lower Basin states. According to the compact, the Upper Basin States are required by law to provide a fixed amount of water flow annually. This has become an increasingly difficult task to fulfill due to the extreme drought.

The Bureau of Reclamation and other federal entities are attempting short-term emergency measures, such as holding back water in Lake Powell and releasing additional water from upstream reservoirs like Flaming Gorge. However, these actions are described as temporary “triage” that shift risk rather than solve it. This could lower levels in downstream reservoirs like Lake Mead and creating new ecological and economic problems. Long-term solutions, including major engineering retrofits to the dam, are being studied but will require years, congressional approval, and significant funding.

Cities across Arizona, with Phoenix leading the charge, are actively preparing for a future with less Colorado River water. Roughly 40% of Phoenix’s water supply comes from the Colorado River, and officials are anticipating bigger federal cuts around the corner. In response, the city is expanding groundwater access, storing water underground, investing in infrastructure to move water across regions, and developing advanced purification systems that can turn wastewater into drinking water. Programs like the Secure Water Arizona Program (SWAP) aim to create cooperative, market-like exchanges between cities to share water more efficiently. Despite decades of preparation and reduced per-capita water use, officials acknowledge that worsening drought conditions, stalled interstate negotiations, and federal policy decisions are pushing the system toward more restrictive measures, including potential Stage 2 drought warnings with conservation requirements and rising costs for consumers. (more…)

Drought and water uncertainty continue to build across the Colorado River Basin as Arizona, Colorado, Utah, and the broader Southwest face growing pressure over how water is managed, stored, protected, and shared. Recent reports show the crisis is not limited to one city, one river, or one reservoir. It is being felt through court decisions over groundwater, city water planning, farming operations, statewide drought warnings, and the ongoing lack of agreement over the future of Colorado River management.

In Arizona, the question of groundwater oversight remains a major concern. KJZZ reported that the Arizona Court of Appeals will not force the state to review whether greater water-use oversight is needed near the upper San Pedro River. The case centered on whether the Arizona Department of Water Resources should be required to review the area for possible designation as an Active Management Area, which could lead to new limits on groundwater pumping. The court acknowledged that the San Pedro River is unique as one of the last undammed, free-flowing rivers in the desert Southwest, but ruled that state law does not clearly define how often the department must conduct such reviews. Because of that, the court said the decision remains within the department’s discretion.

That ruling reflects a larger issue across Arizona: when surface water becomes less reliable, groundwater often becomes the backup. But groundwater is not unlimited. As Colorado River supplies become more uncertain, decisions about groundwater management will become even more important for cities, rural communities, agriculture, development, and river ecosystems.

Phoenix is already preparing for a future with less certainty. KTAR reported that the City of Phoenix says it is not running out of water, but it may need to use backup water supplies to meet demand over the next 10 years. The report said Phoenix recently reviewed its water supply and demand while also evaluating how potential Colorado River cuts could affect the city’s water management.

Phoenix’s planning shows how major cities are trying to prepare before conditions become more severe. For large urban areas, backup supplies, conservation, water storage, and long-term planning are becoming part of regular water management. Still, the need to plan for backup supplies shows how serious the Colorado River situation has become. The river has long supported cities, farms, tribes, and ecosystems across the West, but continued drought and unresolved negotiations are making the future less predictable.

That uncertainty is also tied to the lack of a long-term Colorado River agreement. KPNX 12News reported that drought concerns are growing as the fight over Colorado River water continues without a deal. The report included discussion of the economic impact of the water fight, showing that the issue reaches beyond conservation and into the future of business, growth, agriculture, and community stability.

In Colorado, CBS News Colorado reported that drought is forcing farmers to adapt as water becomes more scarce. Farmers are moving away from traditional flood irrigation and toward sprinkler systems that use water more precisely. Some producers may also need to plant fewer acres, switch crops, or find new ways to stretch limited water supplies. Agriculture remains one of the most important water uses in the Colorado River Basin, and changes in farming practices in headwater states can affect the entire system downstream.

Utah is also facing worsening drought conditions. KUER reported that Gov. Spencer Cox said an emergency drought declaration is “coming fairly soon.” The report said Utah’s water outlook does not look good, and Cox stated that the drought is forcing difficult water issues to come to a head. Utah is part of the Upper Basin, where snowpack and runoff play an important role in feeding the Colorado River system. When drought deepens in Upper Basin states, the impacts do not stay there. They move downstream through reduced flows, stressed reservoirs, and more difficult negotiations between states.

The Sierra Club placed these concerns into a larger Colorado River warning, reporting that water levels in the river are approaching dangerous lows that could affect millions of people. The article focused on whether the Colorado River can survive 2026 as drought, low flows, and continued demand place the system under extreme stress.

Together, these reports show a river system under pressure from many directions at once. Arizona is facing legal and policy questions over groundwater. Phoenix is preparing to rely on backup supplies. Colorado farmers are changing how they use water. Utah is preparing for emergency drought action. Basin states still do not have a long-term agreement for how to share the river in the future. At the same time, the Colorado River itself continues to show the physical signs of stress through low flows, drought, and declining reliability.

What does this mean for CRIT?

For the Colorado River Indian Tribes, these developments reinforce why CRIT’s senior Colorado River rights and stewardship responsibilities remain so important. As states, cities, farmers, and federal agencies prepare for a future with less water, CRIT must continue to have a strong seat at the table in decisions that affect the river. The Tribe’s Water Code, the Personhood Resolution for the Colorado River, and the Water Resiliency Act all support CRIT’s efforts to protect the river, strengthen sovereignty, and assert its role as one of the river’s oldest stewards. As drought conditions grow more serious and negotiations continue, CRIT’s voice is essential.

Sources

KJZZ
https://www.kjzz.org/politics/2026-04-30/appeals-court-wont-force-arizona-to-review-water-use-near-upper-san-pedro-river

KTAR News
https://play.cdnstream1.com/s/bonneville/ktar-news-water-watch/city-of-phoenix-to-tap-b-cbc7d3

NBC 12News Phoenix
https://www.12news.com/video/news/local/water-wars/drought-concerns-growing-without-deal-about-colorado-river-water/75-78394a7b-d39b-45b8-9b6f-ac82cb5861be

CBS News Colorado
https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/farmers-colorado-drought-adapt-water-scarce/

KUER Utah Public Radio
https://www.kuer.org/politics-government/2026-04-30/a-utah-emergency-drought-declaration-is-coming-fairly-soon-says-gov-cox

Sierra Club
https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/can-colorado-river-survive-2026?