The Bureau of Reclamation has released its Final Environmental Impact Statement for future Colorado River operations, a major step toward deciding how Lake Powell and Lake Mead will be managed after 2026.
The document comes as the current river rules near expiration. The 2007 Interim Guidelines, the 2019 Drought Contingency Plans, and several related agreements are set to expire after the 2026 operating year. Those rules helped guide shortages and coordinated operations between Lake Powell and Lake Mead, but Reclamation said they have not been strong enough to stop the continued decline of the river’s two largest reservoirs.
Instead of adopting one fixed long-term operating plan, Reclamation’s preferred alternative creates a 10-year adaptive framework for operations from 2027 through 2036. Under that framework, operating guidelines could be issued in shorter periods, likely every two years, unless the Basin states reach a longer consensus agreement.
That approach gives the federal government more flexibility as river conditions change. It also shows that the seven Basin states have not yet reached a long-term agreement on how future shortages should be shared.
The Department of the Interior said the framework is meant to guide operations at Lake Powell and Lake Mead while leaving room for future agreements among the Basin states. The preferred alternative includes “sideboards,” or operating limits, that set the range of actions federal officials could use.
Those sideboards include annual releases from Lake Powell between 5 million and 12 million acre-feet, Lower Basin shortages of up to 3 million acre-feet, and new options to store conserved water in Lake Powell and Lake Mead for future use. The framework also allows voluntary Upper Basin conservation of up to 200,000 acre-feet, depending on hydrologic conditions.
Lake Powell and Lake Mead remain central to the federal planning process. Lake Powell helps regulate releases from the Upper Basin through Glen Canyon Dam, while Lake Mead supports Lower Basin deliveries to Arizona, California, and Nevada through Hoover Dam. When either reservoir drops too low, the risk is not only less stored water. Low levels can also affect hydropower, dam operations, deliveries, and the ability to respond to future dry years.
Reclamation’s Executive Summary says the Colorado River supports about 40 million people, nearly 5.5 million acres of agricultural land, ecological resources, hydropower, cultural resources, and communities across seven states and Mexico. It also identifies 30 federally recognized Tribes in the Basin, including the Colorado River Indian Tribes.
The Final EIS directly addresses Tribal concerns. Reclamation said Basin Tribes have expressed that the current approach to Colorado River management does not fully address their rights, needs, and interests. The document says future guidelines should provide more flexibility and predictability for Basin Tribes to benefit from their water rights and participate in voluntary conservation programs.
That language is important because it places Tribal Nations inside the future operating framework, not outside of it. For CRIT, that matters because the Tribe holds senior Colorado River rights and has agricultural, cultural, and governmental interests tied directly to the river.
The Arizona Department of Water Resources released a statement after the FEIS was published. ADWR said Arizona, California, and Nevada submitted a Lower Basin proposal to help stabilize Lake Powell and Lake Mead with more than 3 million acre-feet of water savings over two years. ADWR said the FEIS includes analysis that could allow many core parts of that proposal to move forward.
ADWR also raised concerns. The agency objected to parts of the federal framework that could allow Lower Basin reductions of up to 3 million acre-feet per year, in priority. ADWR said reductions at that level would harm Arizona water users and the state economy. The agency also said the framework does not include Upper Basin reductions or enough use of water stored in reservoirs above Lake Powell.
ADWR said it wants the forthcoming Record of Decision and operating guidelines to follow the May 1 Lower Basin Proposal. That plan includes shared reductions among Arizona, California, and Nevada of 1.25 million acre-feet each year, plus an additional 700,000 acre-feet of system conservation water.
The next major step will be the federal Record of Decision and operating guidelines. Those documents are expected to provide more detail on how operations will be handled through 2028 and how the broader framework will guide decisions through 2036.
For CRIT, the FEIS is significant because future operations at Lake Powell and Lake Mead shape the larger river system where the Tribe’s senior rights are exercised. CRIT is not in the same legal position as many junior-priority users, but federal rules on reservoir operations, conservation programs, shortage planning, and stored water can still influence Basin-wide policy.
The FEIS also connects to CRIT’s agricultural use of Colorado River water. Reclamation’s Executive Summary notes that future guidelines should provide opportunities for Tribal, agricultural, and municipal entities to conserve, store, exchange, and take later delivery of water. That kind of flexibility could become more important as water users across the Basin look for ways to manage shortages without losing long-term access to water.
For CRIT, the issue is not only how much water the Lower Basin may be asked to conserve. It is also how future rules recognize senior rights, Tribal governments, agriculture, infrastructure, and the health of the river itself.
CRIT’s Water Code and Water Resiliency Act provide a local framework for managing Tribal water resources as Basin conditions change. The Tribe’s Personhood Resolution also reflects CRIT’s cultural and environmental connection to the Colorado River.
The FEIS does not end the Colorado River negotiations. It sets the stage for the next federal decision. As Reclamation prepares the Record of Decision and operating guidelines, the outcome will help shape how the Colorado River is managed for the next decade.
Sources
U.S. Department of the Interior
https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/reclamation-publishes-final-environmental-impact-statement-future-colorado-river
Bureau of Reclamation
https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/post2026/final-eis/docs/ES/P26_FEIS_ExecSummary_508.pdf